Components
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Kubernetes is mainly composed of the following core components:
Etcd that preserves the state of the whole cluster;
API Server offers a unique entrance for resource operations, providing mechanisms such as authentication, authorization, access control, API registration and discovery;
Controller Manager that maintains the state of the cluster, such as fault detection, automatic expansion, rolling updates, etc.;
Scheduler that manages the allocation of resources, scheduling Podes to the corresponding machines based on the predetermined scheduling strategies;
Kubelet that maintains the lifecycle of containers, as well as managing Volumes (CVI) and networks (CNI);
Container Runtime, being responsible for image management and the actual operation of Pods and containers (CRI);
Kube-proxy, providing service discovery and load balancing within the cluster for the service.
The principle of communication between multiple components in Kubernetes is described as follows:
API Server manages all operations with the etcd storage, while it’s the only one that operates the etcd cluster directly.
API Server provides a unified REST API for the inside (other components in the cluster) and the outside (users), and all other components communicate with each other through the API Server.
Controller Manager, Scheduler, Kube-proxy, Kubelet, etc., all watch the changes in the resources through the watch API of the API Server, and manipulate the resources accordingly.
All operations that require updating the status of resources happen through the REST API of the API Server.
API Server also directly calls Kubelet API (such as logs, exec, attach, etc.), does not verify the Kubelet certificate by default, but can be turned on with --kubelet-certificate-authority (while GKE protects their communication through SSH tunnel).
The typical flow of creating a Pod goes as follows:
A user creates a Pod via REST API
API Server writes into etcd
Scheduler checks unbound node Pod, begins scheduling and updates the node binding of the Pod
Kubelet detects a new scheduled Pod and runs it via Container Runtime
Kubelet gets the status of Pod via Container Runtime and updates it to API Server
TCP
Inbound
6443*
Kubernetes API server
TCP
Inbound
8080
Kubernetes API insecure server
TCP
Inbound
2379-2380
etcd server client API
TCP
Inbound
10250
Kubelet API
TCP
Inbound
10251
kube-scheduler healthz
TCP
Inbound
10252
kube-controller-manager healthz
TCP
Inbound
10253
cloud-controller-manager healthz
TCP
Inbound
10255
Read-only Kubelet API
TCP
Inbound
10256
kube-proxy healthz
TCP
Inbound
4194
Kubelet cAdvisor
TCP
Inbound
10248
Kubelet healthz
TCP
Inbound
10249
kube-proxy metrics
TCP
Inbound
10250
Kubelet API
TCP
Inbound
10255
Read-only Kubelet API
TCP
Inbound
10256
kube-proxy healthz
TCP
Inbound
30000-32767
NodePort Services**
In a HA cluster, all kube-apiserver instances can only have a minor version difference at most (e.g., some are 1.21, some are 1.20)
Kubelet can have up to two minor versions difference with kube-apiserver (like when kube-apiserver is 1.21, kubelet can be 1.21, 1.20, 1.19)
Kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, and cloud-controller-manager can only have a minor version difference with kube-apiserver (like when kube-apiserver is 1.21, kube-controller-manager is 1.20)
When upgrading the Kubernetes cluster (e.g., from 1.20.1 to 1.21.1), the following upgrade order and dependencies should be ensured:
Before upgrading, make sure that the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration are upgraded to the latest API version (compatible with the new and old versions of kube-apiserver)
All instances of kube-apiserver actually need to be upgraded before other components (like kube-controller-manager)
Kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, and cloud-controller-manager can only be upgraded after kube-apiserver is upgraded
Kubelet can only be upgraded after kube-apiserver is upgraded, and before upgrading, you need to kubectl drain <node> (i.e., kubelet does not support minor version upgrades locally)
Kube-proxy needs to ensure that it is the same version as the kubelet on the same node.
The Kubernetes community currently maintains the latest three minor versions (such as 1.21.x, 1.20.x, 1.19.x), and each minor version has a one-year patch support cycle (9 months before 1.18). Patches for active versions are released approximately once a month, and the detailed release schedule can be found .
